As with the other pages here, I’ll just link to pages that already explain this instead of writing everything out again - as the pages I have linked explain everything way better than I could.
Capacitor Basics and Applications:
https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/capacitors/all
Relevant Capacitor Specifications:
https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/capacitors/specifications-parameters.php
What is Derating and Why You Should Do It:
https://www.sparkfun.com/news/1271?_ga=2.206578323.1082779402.1582500194-225400905.1540517045
Basically, just allow a good safety margin of at least 2x for any applied voltages, and you should be fine.
Capacitor Theory:
Does current flow through a capacitor? - Electrons don’t but 'current' does
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ppWBwZS4e7A
Why use multiple capacitor values for decoupling?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwANKw36Mjw
Voltage and Ceramic Capacitors - capacitance changes with voltage
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MQyQUkwmMk
Are Bypass Capacitors Needed?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8MpZGjwgR0
Bypass Capacitors Tutorial:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BcJ6UdDx1vg
As well as any/all videos here:
https://www.youtube.com/user/EEVblog/search?query=capacitors