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Table of Contents

ASTM C393_Standard Test Method for Shear Strength

Geometry:

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  •     The specimen should be rectangular in cross-section, 75mm width, 200mm length, the depth of the specimen should be equal to the thickness of the sandwich construction.

Equipment and Apparatus:

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  •  Equipment: ball-interfaced and anvil interface micrometer, deflectometer, conditioning chamber, environmental test chamber are recommended but not required.

  • Apparatus: The machine will have a stationary and movable head, the machine should be able to indicate the total force being carried by the test specimen, it will either be a 3- or 4-point bend test. Below is what they used

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Procedure:

Test at least five specimens.
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titleTest Specimen Requirements

  • Length x Width x Depth - 200 mm x 75 mm x Thickness of Sandwich Construction

  • Make sure to test at least five specimens per test condition.

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titleEquipment and Apparatus:

  • Apparatus: Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

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Figure 1: Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

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titleProcedure:

  1. Condition the specimen in a chamber if the test environment is not the same as a conditioned environment.

  Measure

  1. Measure the length, width and thickness at three places in the specimen.

  2. Place the specimeninto the test fixture

and align the fixture so the longitudinal axis of the specimen is perpendicular (within 1 degree) to the longitudinal axes of the loading bars, the bars must also be parallel (within 1 degree) to the plane of the specimen facings.  Attach the deflection transducer

  1. as shown in the equipment and apparatus section.

  2. Attach the deflection transducer (if we choose to use one).

  3. Apply a compressive force to the specimen until failure or until a deflection equal to the thickness is reached.

It was noted that the speed of testing should be around

Variable

Quantity

Load rate

6mm/min

. 

Failure

should occur at

occurence

3-6 minutes

.

Support bar separation

150 mm

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titleBasic Description:

  • 3-point or 4-point bend test

Image Added

Figure 3: 3-Point Bend Test

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Figure 4: 4-Point Bend Test

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titleReported during the test:

...

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  • Force versus crosshead displacement, force versus deflection data continuously, or at frequent intervals (around 2-3 recordings per second, with a target minimum of 100 recorded data points)

  • If there are any initial failures, record force, displacement and mode of damage where the failure occurs. 

  • Record mode, area and location of each failure. 

  • Use the failure identification codes, shown in the figure below.

  • Record the max force, failure force, head displacement and the deflection at the moment of ultimate failure. 

  • For ultimate failure modes, record the mode, area and location of ultimate failure for each material. 

  • Calculations:

    • For 3-Point Mid-Span Loading:

      • Core Shear Ultimate Stress

      • Core Shear Yield Stress

      • Facing StressImage AddedImage Added
      • Image Added
      • Image Added

    • For 4-Point, Quarter-point loading:

      • Core Shear Ultimate Stress

      • Core Shear Yield Stress:

      • Facing Bending StressImage Added
      • Image Added
      • Image Added

    • For 4-Point (Third Point) Loading:

      • Core Shear Ultimate Stress

      • Core Shear Yield Stress:

      • Facing Bending Stress:

these calculations are in the confluence page

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ASTM D3039_Standard Test Methods for Tensile Properties

...

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titleTest Specimen Requirements
Image AddedImage Added

  • Test at least 5 specimens

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titleEquipment and Apparatus:
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  • 3 Force Indicator, Grips, Strain-Indicating Device, Strain transducer, Extensometer, Strain Gauge, End Tabs. 

  • Tensile Testing machine with a stationary head and a movable head. 

Procedure:

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  • Test at least 5 specimens

  • Apparatus: Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

Image Added

Figure 1: Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

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titleProcedure:

  1. Measure the specimen in 3 places and report average thickness and width as well as average area. 

The speed of testing should be able to have a nearly constant strain rate and it will produce failure within 1 to 10 min. 

  1. Place the specimen into the grips of the testing machine

  2. Apply the force until failure occurs

Variable

Quantity

Failure occurence

1 to 10 min

Head displacement

2mm/min

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titleBasic Description:

  • Tensile Test

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titleReported during test:

...

  • Calculate modulus of elasticity

  • Calculate ultimate tensile strength. 

    • If tensile modulus/ultimate tensile strain will be calculated, get the tensile strain at the indicated displacement at each required data point. 
    Expand

    Variable

    Symbol

    Percent Bending

    By

    Ultimate Tensile Strength

    F tu

    Tensile Strain at ith Data Point

    Ɛi

    Tensile chord modulus of elasticity

    .

    Echord

    Poisson’s Ratio by Chord Method

    .*All these equations are found in the confluence page*

    v

     

    ...

    ASTM D3410_Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Polymer Matric Composite Materials

    Geometry:

    • The test specimen will have a constant rectangular cross section with a specimen width variation of no more than 1% and a specimen thickness variation of no more than 2%, the tables below give more detail.

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    • Below is an equation to get the recommended test thickness

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    Expand
    Expand
    titleTest Specimen Requirements
    Image AddedImage Added

    • Test at least 5 specimens

    Expand
    titleEquipment and Apparatus:

    ...

    expand
    Expand

    • Equipment required:

    • Micrometers/calipers

    • Strain-Indicating Device

    • Bonded Resistance Strain Gauges

      • Emery cloth

      • Special Alignment Jig (pictured below)

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    • Compression Testing Fixture(pictured below are schematics and the actual fixture)

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    Image RemovedImage Removed

    • Apparatus:

      • There will be a force indicator

      • The machine will have two loading heads. 

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    ^^^I don’t exactly know what this means (interpret pls)

    • The drive mechanism will be able to give a controlled displacement rate with respect to the stationary head. 

    • If the atmosphere conditions suck use a conditioning chamber and an environmental test chamber.

    • If the material is super stiff use an extensometer. 

    Procedure:

    • Test at least five specimens per test condition

    • Get ready because this is a HEFTYYY procedure 

    • General instructions:

      • Condition specimens before/after strain gaging as required. Condition travelers if they will be usedas shown in the figure below.

    Image Added

    • Apparatus will be a compression test fixture as shown in the figures below.

    Image AddedImage Added
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    titleProcedure:

    • Condition specimens

    • Apply strain gages/extensometers to both faces of the specimen

    • The loading rate should produce a failure within 1 to 10 min. 

      • Strain-Controlled Tests, standard strain rate of 0.01 min/1 ?? I think the unit may be wrong here. I think it's supposed to be mm/min??

      • Constant Head-Speed Tests, A standard crosshead displacement of 1.5mm.min. 

    • Monitor test temp by placing a thermocouple within 25mm of the specimen gauge section. You can also tape the thermocouple(s) to the test specimen and travelers. 

    • Fixture Installation:

      • Place the lower wedge housing block on the lower platen, then attack the upper wedge housing block to the upper crosshead/insert it into the upper wedge housing holding fixture, centered over the lower wedge housing block. 

      • Move a crosshead to close the distance between the 2 housing blocks while guiding the bearing guide rods into the mating bearing of the companion housing block. The lower housing block can be fitted with guide rods long enough to allow the rods to remain in the bearings while the wedges or specimen assembly is loading into and out of the housing blocks. 

    • Specimen Insertion:

      (if we choose to).

    • Monitor test temperature using thermocouples (if we choose to).

    • If needed, move the testing machine crosshead to open the distance between the 2 housing blocks so both the upper and lower wedge rip assemblies may be accessed. 

    • I’m so sorry but idk how to summarize the following thing :(

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    • If the specimen will be aligned with the wedge grips in the fixture housing block, the lower jaws should be raised so that grip-faces open to allow specimen insertion.

    • If we need to, free the upper wedge grips so they are in the fully open position. Moving the crosshead, close the distance between the housing blocks and guide the upper end of the specimen into the opening between the upper wedge grips. 

    • Close the upper grips manually to check the specimens vertical displacement. Do it with the lower grips as well. The upper grips should be in full contact with the wedge when closed. Repeat if we need to. 

    • Keep the grips closed and slowly close the distance between the housing blocks by moving the crosshead, watch the force indicator at this time. Stop the crosshead when the specimen begins to take a compressive force. 

    • Transducer Installation:

      If the strain-transducer(s) other than strain gages will be used, attach them to the specimen at the mid-span, mid-width location

      Attach strain transducers if they will be used. Then, attach the strain recording instrumentation to the strain gages or other transducers on the specimen. Then, remove any remaining preload and zero the transducer(s).

    • Loading:

      Apply the force to the fixture at the specified rate until failure while recording data.

    Variable

    Quantity

    Strain Rate

    0.01 min-1

    Crosshead Displacement

    1.5 mm/min

    Failure occurence

    1-10 min

    Expand
    titleBasic Description:

    ...

    This video is a good example of this test being carried out.

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    titleReported during test:
    Expand

    • Failure modes:

      • Record them by giving a code as shown in figure 9, below:


    • There are a few unacceptable failure modes including end-crushing and euler buckling. Calculations:

    Variable

    Symbol

    Compressive Stress/ Ultimate Compressive Stress

    .

    F cu

    Compressive

    Strain and

    strain/ Ultimate Compression Strain

    . 

    Ɛi c

    Compressive Modulus of Elasticity

  • Compressive Poisson’s Ratio

  • Transition Strain

  • The following should be noted:

    • Ultimate compressive strength

    • Ultimate compressive strain

    • Compressive (linear or chord) modulus of elasticity

    • Poisson’s ratio in compression

    • Transition strain

    • *remember all these formulas will be in the astm document for finding the above values*

    E chord

    Compressive Poison’s ratio

    v c

    Transition Strain

    μ E

    ASTM D3518_Standard Test Method for In-Plane Shear Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials by Tensile Test

    Geometry:

    ...

    Expand
    titleTest Specimen Requirements

    • Test at least five specimens per test condition

    • Same as ASTM D3039 standard along with the following:

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    titleEquipment and Apparatus:

    • Same as the above standard.ASTM D3039

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    titleProcedure:

    ...

    Test at least five specimens per test condition
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    • Same as the above standard ASTM D3039 as well as:

      • This test will have normal strain instrumentation in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. It will also have a continuous/nearly continuous force normal strain data recording. 

    Expand
    titleBasic Description:

    ...

    • Tensile Test

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    Expand
    titleReported during test:

    Variable

    • Calculations:

      • Max shear stress/shear stress

      • Shear strain/max shear strain

      • Shear modulus of Elasticity

      • Offset Shear Strength

      • Various statistics

    *Again, all these formulas will be in the confluence page*

    Symbol

    Max Shear Stress

    t12m

    Shear Stress

    t12i

    Shear Strain

    y12i

    Max Shear Strain

    y12m

    Shear Modulus of Elasticity

    G12chord

    Offset Shear Strength

    F12o

    ASTM D903_Standard Test Method for Peel or Stripping Strength of Adhesive Bonds

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    Expand
    title

    Geometry:

    Test Specimen Sampling and Geometry

    •   The above is the diagram of the geometry

    • Test at least 10 test specimens for each adhesive.

    • Discard specimens that give out-of-line test results due to obvious flaws and then retest.

    • Apart from the testing apparatus, the only equipment needed is a conditioning room/desiccators

    • The following is a picture of the testing apparatus:

    Image Removed

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    titleEquipment and Apparatus:
    Expand

    Procedure:

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    • Test at least 10 specimens for each adhesive we want to test

    • Remember, I couldn’t understand this one :C sorry

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    Basic Description:

    • Ummm...help

    Reported during test:

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    • These are the only values needed to be reported (they don’t seem like they’re calculations)I believe that we can use a UTM but I’m not 100% sure about it.

    • A picture of the testing apparatus is shown in the figure below:

    Image Added

    Figure 1: 90-degree peel tester

    Image Added

    Figure 2: UTM I think but, this setup is a vertical peel test.

    Expand
    titleProcedure:

    • Prep the specimen.

    • Precondition the test specimen.

    • Test the specimen as soon as possible after conditioning

    • Place the specimen in the test apparatus

    • Wait until failure

    Variable

    Quantity

    Grip Separation

    About 1 Inch

    Stripping angle

    180 degrees.

    Expand
    titleBasic Description:

    • Peel Test, which is very similar to a tensile test (in my opinion). A video of this test being carried out is shown below.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6Rd6I-XMMg

    Expand
    titleReported during test:

    Note that none of these variables have symbols/formulas.

    Variable

    Average peel/stripping strength

    .

    Max and Min strength values of the series

    .

    Type of

    failure.

    failire

    ASTM D905_Standard Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesive Bonds in Shear by Compression Loading (for adhesives on wood)

    Geometry:

    Expandexpand
    titleTest Specimen Requirements

    • Will conform to the following geometry:

    • At least 20 specimens shall be tested, representing at least four different joints

    Expand
    titleEquipment and Apparatus:

    Testing apparatus shown in figure 1, below.

    Image Added
    Expand

    • No equipment listed, just apparatus:

      • The machine will have a capacity of no less than 6810kg in compression and shall be fitted with a shearing tool containing a self-aligning seat to ensure uniform lateral distribution of the load.

      • It will be able to maintain a uniform rate of loading so the load may be applied with a continuous motion. The apparatus is pictured below:

    Image Removed

    Procedure:

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    • At least 20 specimens should be tested, they will represent at least four different joints.

    • We will have to prep the test joints:

      • They will be hard maple blocks, having a minimum specific gravity of 0.65 based on oven-dry weight and volume shall be selected. Below is a picture of the test joints and how they should be cut?

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    Basic Description: I don’t really get how to explain this one to be honest help :C

    Reported during test:

    Calculations:

    Shear stress at failure.
    Expand
    titleProcedure:

    • Prepare the test specimens.

    • Place the test specimen in the apparatus.

    • Apply a load onto the test specimens until failure occurs.

    Variable

    Quantity

    Load Rate

    5 mm/min

    Specific Gravity of maple blocks

    0.65

    Expand
    titleBasic Description:

    • Shearing tool/shearing tester. The following video shows what this testing apparatus looks like.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRBkWFmCyco

    Expand
    titleReported during test:

    Note that none of these had associated calculations/symbols

    Variable

    Shear Stress at failure

    Max and min shear stress at failure and percentages of wood failure

    .

    The standard

    Standard deviation of all individual test values

    .

    Average shear stress at failure and the average percentage of wood failure.

    ASTM D950_Standard Test Method for Impact Strength of Adhesive Bonds

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    Geometry:

    expand
    titleTest Specimen Requirements

    • Use these dimensions if you can:

    • Test 10 test specimens for each adhesive

    Expand
    titleEquipment and Apparatus:
    Expand

    • EquipmentApparatus:

      • Desiccators

      • Conditioning chambers

    • Apparatus:

      • Use a pendulum-type impact machine (pictured below).

    Image Removed

    • Use a jig to hold the specimen as shown below.

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    • Use a vise/bolts to hold the jig rigid.

    Procedure:

    Expand

  • Prepare at least 10 specimens in the case of metal-to-metal specimens.

    • Place Image Added

    Figure 1: Pendulum-type testing apparatus

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    titleProcedure:

    • Put the specimen in the jig that is in the vise of the impact machine so the specimen butts squarely against the training end of the jig. 

    • Rest the impact head of the machine against the specimen , then and adjust the jig so the head fits squarely against the impact face of the specimen.

    • Raise the impact head to a certain height and release the safety catch. Then we will have to read the energy absorbed by the impact

    • We will then note the impact energy absorbed.

    Expand
    titleBasic Description:

    • A pendulum will fall and hit our specimen and test the adhesive strengthPendulum-type test

    Expand
    titleReported during test:


    Note that none of these have symbols.

    Variable

    Joules of energy absorbed in producing failure of the specimen

    Percentages of cohesion, adhesion, and contact failure. This will be based on visual inspection. 

    Calculation:

    Impact strength of the specimen over the bonded area. 

    *the calculations will be available in the confluence page*

    ASTM D5868_Standard Test Method for Lap Shear Adhesion for Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Bonding

    ...

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    Expand

    • Substrates—Fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) as specified, with metal composition (heat treat, temper, and condition) and roughness as specified when bonding FRP to metal. (I don’t know what this means)

    • Cut fiber-reinforced plastic parts into flat coupons 1 by 4 in. (25.4 by 100 mm) at a nominal thickness of 0.1 in. (2.5 mm). In the case of FRP-to-metal bonding, use metal with a nominal thickness of 0.06 in. (1.5 mm). It is recommended that a diamond tip water-cooled saw blade be used, or a cutting method capable of producing sharp cut edges.

    • Joint Geometry—Control joint geometry by appropriate fixturing, using glass beads or other suitable means to control a 0.03-in. (0.76-mm) adhesive bondline thickness. Use the minimum number of glass beads in the glue line needed to hold bondline thickness. Fixturing pressure is allowed. Lap shear overlap will be 1 by 1 in. (25.4 by 25.4 mm) See Figure 1 below.

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    Equipment and Apparatus:

    Expand

    • No equipment is outlined, only an apparatus which is said to most likely just be a simple tensile tester like pictured below

    Image Removed

    Procedure:

  • Prepare a minimum of 5 lap shear samples in each case and test.

  • Prep the surface of the FRP as recommended by the adhesive manufacturer. If there is no recommendation, prep the surface as outlined in practice D2093. 

    • Expand
    titleTest Specimen Requirements

    • Prepare a minimum of 5 lap shear samples in each case and test.

    • See figure 1 below for the recommended geometry of the lap shear samples

    Image Added
    Expand
    titleEquipment and Apparatus:

    • UTM

    Expand
    titleProcedure:

    • Apply the adhesive in accordance with the adhesive suppliers recommendations. 

    • Adhesive Cure—Cure Cure—Cure the adhesive at room temperature or elevated temperature using prescribed conditions determined by the adhesive supplier.

    • The initial grip separation is 75mm, with a minimum of 25.4mm of each sample end held in the test grips.

    • The load rate is 13mm/min. 

    • This load rate is said to be an important difference compared to other standards. Condition the test specimens

    • Place specimens in UTM

    • Wait for failure

    Variable

    Quantity

    Grip Separation

    75mm

    load rate

    13mm/min

    Expand
    titleBasic Description:

    • Tensile test.

    Expand
    titleReported during test:
    Expand

  • Complete identification of the adhesive tested, this includes the type and manufacturers code number. 

    • Complete identification of the substrates used. This includes the type of resin and fiber orientation as well as the method of surface prep prior to bonding.

    Note that none of the following are calculations

    Variable

    Cure schedule time and temperature for bonding sample. 

    Individual peak load values, and averages by maximum and minimum values.

    Test temperature and conditions.

    Type of failure whether it be fiber tear, cohesive, adhesive.

    ...