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ASTM Testing Standards

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titleBasic Description:

  • 3-point or 4-point bend test

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Figure 3: 3-Point Bend Test

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Figure 4: 4-Point Bend Test

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titleReported during the test:

  • Force versus crosshead displacement, force versus deflection data continuously, or at frequent intervals (around 2-3 recordings per second, with a target minimum of 100 recorded data points)

  • If there are any initial failures, record force, displacement and mode of damage where the failure occurs. 

  • Record mode, area and location of each failure. 

  • Use the failure identification codes

  • Record the max force, failure force, head displacement and the deflection at the moment of ultimate failure. 

  • For ultimate failure modes, record the mode, area and location of ultimate failure for each material. 

  • Calculations:

    • For 3-Point Mid-Span Loading:

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    • For 4-Point, Quarter-point loading:

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    • For 4-Point (Third Point) Loading:

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ASTM D3039_Standard Test Methods for Tensile Properties

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titleEquipment and Apparatus:

  • Equipment required:

    • Special Alignment Jig as shown in the figure below.

  • Apparatus will be a compression test fixture

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titleProcedure:

  • Condition specimens

  • Apply strain gages/extensometers to both faces of the specimen

  • Monitor test temperature using thermocouples.

  • If needed, move the testing machine crosshead to open the distance between the 2 housing blocks so both the upper and lower wedge rip assemblies may be accessed. 

  • Close the upper grips manually to check the specimens vertical displacement. Do it with the lower grips as well. The upper grips should be in full contact with the wedge when closed. Repeat if we need to. 

  • Attach strain transducers if they will be used. Then, attach the strain recording instrumentation to the strain gages or other transducers on the specimen. Then, remove any remaining preload and zero the transducer(s).

  • Apply the force to the fixture at the specified rate until failure while recording data.

Variable

Quantity

Strain Rate

0.01 min-1

Crosshead Displacement

1.5 mm/min

Failure occurence

1-10 min

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titleEquipment and Apparatus:

  • EquipmentApparatus:

    • Desiccators

    • Conditioning chambers

  • Apparatus:

    • Use a pendulum-type impact machine (pictured below).

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  • Use a jig to hold the specimen as shown below.

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Figure 1: Pendulum-type testing apparatus

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titleProcedure:

  • Put the specimen in the jig that is in the vise of the machine so the specimen butts squarely against the end of the jig.

  • Rest the impact head against the specimen and adjust the jig so the head fits squarely against the impact face.

  • Raise the impact head and release the safety catch.

  • We will then note the impact energy absorbed.

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titleBasic Description:

  • A pendulum will fall and hit our specimen and test the adhesive strengthPendulum-type test

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titleReported during test:


Note that none of these have symbols.

Variable

Joules of energy absorbed in producing failure of the specimen

Percentages of cohesion, adhesion, and contact failure. This will be based on visual inspection. 

Calculation:

Impact strength of the specimen over the bonded area. 

*the calculations will be available in the confluence page*

ASTM D5868_Standard Test Method for Lap Shear Adhesion for Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Bonding

  • Substrates—Fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) as specified, with metal composition (heat treat, temper, and condition) and roughness as specified when bonding FRP to metal. (I don’t know what this means)

  • Cut fiber-reinforced plastic parts into flat coupons 1 by 4 in. (25.4 by 100 mm) at a nominal thickness of 0.1 in. (2.5 mm). In the case of FRP-to-metal bonding, use metal with a nominal thickness of 0.06 in. (1.5 mm). It is recommended that a diamond tip water-cooled saw blade be used, or a cutting method capable of producing sharp cut edges.

    • Joint Geometry—Control joint geometry by appropriate fixturing, using glass beads or other suitable means to control a 0.03-in. (0.76-mm) adhesive bondline thickness. Use the minimum number of glass beads in the glue line needed to hold bondline thickness. Fixturing pressure is allowed. Lap shear overlap will be 1 by 1 in. (25.4 by 25.4 mm) See Figure 1 below.
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    titleGeometry:

    • Prepare a minimum of 5 lap shear samples in each case and test.

    • See figure 1 below for the recommended geometry of the lap shear samples

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    titleEquipment and Apparatus:

    • No equipment is outlined, only an apparatus which is said to most likely just be a simple tensile tester like pictured below

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    • UTM

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    titleProcedure:

    • Prepare a minimum of 5 lap shear samples in each case and test.

    • Prep the surface of the FRP as recommended by the adhesive manufacturer. If there is no recommendation, prep the surface as outlined in practice D2093. 

    • Apply the adhesive in accordance with the adhesive suppliers recommendations. 

    • Adhesive Cure—Cure Cure—Cure the adhesive at room temperature or elevated temperature using prescribed conditions determined by the adhesive supplier.

    • The initial grip separation is 75mm, with a minimum of 25.4mm of each sample end held in the test grips.

    • The load rate is 13mm/min. 

    • This load rate is said to be an important difference compared to other standards. 

    Variable

    Quantity

    Grip Separation

    75mm

    load rate

    13mm/min

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    titleBasic Description:

    • Tensile test.

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    titleReported during test:

  • Complete identification of the adhesive tested, this includes the type and manufacturers code number. 

    • Complete identification of the substrates used. This includes the type of resin and fiber orientation as well as the method of surface prep prior to bonding.

    Note that none of the following are calculations

    Variable

    Cure schedule time and temperature for bonding sample. 

    Individual peak load values, and averages by maximum and minimum values.

    Test temperature and conditions.

    Type of failure whether it be fiber tear, cohesive, adhesive.