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The dynamic effects of toe out will give the car faster steering, meaning that the car turns in faster with less steering input from the driver, which . This is ideal for a tight, winding course with multiple direction changes. This The increased response means that the high speed stability of the car is reduced and can feel twitchy in long fast corners.
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Running toe in on the front wheels of a front wheel drive car will again increase the grip within the front tires due to the increased slip angle in the tire. This increases the acceleration of the car due to the increased grip in the driven tires. The tire heats up faster due to the slip angle, which means the tire gets to its most grippy point faster than if no toe was installed. However, running toe in will decrease the life of the tire due to the increased stress on the rubber.
The dynamic effect of toe in reduces the responsiveness of the steering. This means that the car requires a has the same effects on grip, acceleration, and tire wear as toe out. The dynamic effect of toe in reduces the responsiveness of the steering. This means that the car requires a larger steering input from the driver for the car to change direction. This makes the car more stable at high speeds and makes the car feel planted through long fast corners. This set up is perfect good for new drivers within motorsport or for drivers who do not have fast reaction times.
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Running zero toe on the front wheels will increase the life of the tire. Therefore, this set up is commonly seen within road cars where tire life is important. That said, tire life can be of great importance within long races such as endurance racing, so running a set up close to zero toe can be beneficial as your tires last longer on track. Furthermore, the top speed of the car is increased due to having less drag to overcome the power of the car.
The dynamic effect of running zero toe on the front wheels is that the car is no less or more stable in different corners and will respond evenly in short or fast corners and the . The behaviour of the car will be more dependent on other aspects of set up and geometry.
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Running toe out on the rear wheels of a front wheel drive car will reduce the acceleration and the top speed of the car. This is because these wheels are not driven so and are being pulled around the track. Therefore, any Any extra grip in the rear tires translates into increased drag, therefore slowing which slows the car down in a straight line. However, the slip angle does generate heat within the tire faster, generating . This generates maximum grip faster, which is ideal for short races.
The dynamic effect of running toe out on the rear wheels effectively shortens the wheel base of the car. This happens due to the toe out , rotating the car on corner entry allowing the car to turn in faster and tighter. This effect feels similar to oversteer, without the loss of grip, and makes the car more nimble, . This is ideal for tracks with multiple quick direction changes. However, this effect does make the car feel more unstable through high speed corners.
Front Wheel Drive: Rear Wheels - Toe In Running toe in on the rear wheels of a front wheel drive car will also reduce the acceleration and the top speed of the car. This is the same as above due to these wheels not being driven so are being pulled around the track. Therefore, any extra grip in the rear tires translates into increased drag, slowing the car down in a straight line. However, the slip angle does generate heat within the tire faster, generating maximum grip faster, which is ideal for short races.
The dynamic effect of running : Rear Wheels - Toe In
Running toe in on the rear wheels of a front wheel drive car has the same effects on acceleration, top speed, and grip as running toe out on the rear wheels. Running toe in on the rear wheels lengthens the effective wheel base of the car. This is because the loaded rear wheel during cornering is already pointing in the direction of the corner. This means it works , causing it to work against the steering input and rotates . This makes the car rotate more slowly. This increase in increases control and makes the car more stable through long high speed corners. It is especially effective when used on a sort short wheel base car.
Front Wheel Drive: Rear Wheels - Zero Toe
Running zero toe on the rear wheels of a front wheel drive car will increase the acceleration and the top speed of the car. This is because the tire is rolling in its most efficient direction and will therefore generate generating minimum drag. This reduction in drag force can be used to propel the car forwards instead making it makes the car faster in a straight line. Furthermore, the The tire life will be increased due to the reduced stress. However, the tire will take longer to heat up, so will not generate as much grip as early on in the race.
The dynamic effects of zero toe are that the car will feel neutral to control through tight and long fast corners meaning that the driver does not have to alter their driving style if there is a mixture of styles of corner on the track.
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Rear Wheel Drive
Rear Wheel Drive: Front Wheels - Toe Out
Running toe out on the front wheels of a rear wheel drive car will decrease the acceleration and top speed of the car in a straight line. This is due to Since the front wheels are not being driven so any extra grip generated by toe will increase the drag on the system. The life of the tire will also be reduced which is not ideal for endurance racing. However, the tire will warm up faster getting to operating and reach its temperature sooner in the race.
The dynamic effects of toe out will increase the agility of the car, making it turn in faster and sharper with less steering input from the driver. This makes the car more nimble and allows it to navigate through a tight; , twisting course faster makes it feel nimble. Toe out also means that the car feels less stable at high speeds and though high speed corners due to the twitchy nature of the set up.
Rear Wheel Drive: Front Wheels - Toe In
Running toe in will also decrease the acceleration and top speed of the car in a straight line. This is due to the front wheels not being driven so any extra grip generated by toe will increase the drag on the system. The life of the tire is also reduced due to the increased stresses on the rubber. However, the tire will warm up faster getting to operating temperature sooner in the race.
in on the front wheels of a rear wheel drive car has the same effects on acceleration, top speed, tire life, and tire performance as running toe out on the front wheels of a rear wheel drive car. The dynamic effect of toe in is that the car feels more stable at high speeds and during high speed cornering. This is due to the car requiring larger steering inputs from the driver to turn, giving the car a more planted feel. This does reduce the agility through tight, slow corners but the trade-off is especially worth it for new or unconfident drivers.
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Running zero toe will increase the straight line acceleration and top speed of the car. It will also prolong the life of the tires out on track or on the road. The disadvantage to this set up means that the tire takes longer to warm up to operating temperature to generate maximum grip.
Running zero toe will make the car feel relatively stable in a straight line at high speeds. It will also make the car feel more neutral when taking long sweeping corners and slower tight corners. It leaves the feeling of the steering and the responsiveness of the steering in the hands of the Ackermann geometry as well, which can be a good thing for a race car.
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Toe out on the rear wheels of a rear wheel drive car will improve the acceleration of the car but decreases decrease the top speed due to the increased grip and drag force. It will also reduce the life of the tire due to the increased slip angle. The acceleration is increased as there is more grip available from the tire due to the toe putting a greater slip angle into the rubber. This allows more power to be transferred to the ground without spinning the wheels, allowing the car to accelerate faster. The tire will also heat up faster getting to its most effective level of grip faster.
Toe out on the rear wheels will make the car more nimble and faster through tight sections, making it feel as though it has a shorter wheel base. This effectively makes the car have a higher tendency to oversteer so is a set up used by smooth drivers who can be light on the throttle. Toe out will also make the car feel less stable through high speed corners due to the feeling of oversteer occurring at the rear wheels.
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Toe in on the rear wheels improves the acceleration of the car due to the increased grip levels allowing more power to be put through the tire without spinning the wheels. However, the top speed of the car is reduced due to the increased drag from the tire. The tire heats up faster when running toe in as the rubber is stressed, generating heat, getting the tire to operating temperature much sooner in the race; this in turn reduces the lifetime of the tire.
Having toe in at the rear wheels will increase the high speed stability of the car round long fast corners and makes the car feel as though it has a longer wheel base. The increase in high speed stability is comforting for new drivers who are not used to a nimble car that is sensitive to steering inputs. Toe in does mean that more steering effort is required from the driver through tight corners which can slow the car down through tight sections. Toe in on the rear wheels can also give the car a tendency to understeer due to fighting the want to oversteer and increasing increased rear-end grip which can overcome the grip of the front wheels.
Rear Wheel Drive: Rear Wheels - Zero Toe
Zero toe on the rear wheels will reduce the acceleration capabilities of the car but will increase the top speed of the car due to the tire rolling in its most efficient direction. This also means that the life time of the tire is increased but it takes longer to heat up to its operating temperature.
Zero toe makes the car more stable in a straight line at high speed and stops the rear end of the car from shifting around. It also gives the car a similar feel through fast and slow corners and leaves the dynamic feeling of the car down to other aspects of set up and geometry.
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Bump steer is a change in the steering angle of the wheel when the wheel is in bump or droop without turning of the steering wheel or lateral movement in the steering rack. When a car drives over a bump, the wheels, control arms, and tie rods displace vertically (each by the same distance). Since the control arms and tie rods pivot around a fixed point, this displacement follows the path of an arc. The fixed point the linkages pivot around is called the instantaneous center (IC). If the tie rod is configured in such a way so that it does not rotate around the same IC, the control rods and tie rods travel about different arcs, and horizontal displacement occurs. This horizontal displacement causes unwanted steering, or bump steer. Bump steer can also occur if the tie rods are not the correct length. The tie rods should have a length that falls along an imaginary line passing through the control arm connection points on the chassis and the upright. If the tie rod is too short, it will have a more severe arc. If the tie rod is too long, it will not arc enough. If the tie rods pass through the same IC as the control arms and are the correct length, bump steer is minimized. If the steering rack is positioned behind the wheel spindle, the tire with toe out on bumps. If the steering rack is positioned in front of the spindle, the tire with toe in on bumps.
Bump steer is highly undesirable within racing especially on tracks or surfaces that contain bumps. If the suspension is constantly transitioning between bump and droop, then a car with bump steer will constantly be shifting the steering angle of the car and will make the front end very unstable at high speeds. The bump steer in the system will affect the steering geometry and will make steering more unpredictable for the driver.
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Like bump steer, lateral compliance steer is not something which should be eliminated completely from a suspension system. Some level of understeer is good in a suspension system. Cars people drive on a daily basis have inherent understeer designed in. This is a behaviour we are all familiar with and have become accustomed to. Therefore driving something with no understeer or inherent oversteer would feel unnatural, too agile and too responsive. Lateral compliance steer is also key to ensure the car feels stable and less nervous at high speed. This means that even high performance sports cars with >200mph top speeds have relatively high levels of lateral compliance steer.
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