Camber Angle
The general consensus is that a positive camber is good for keeping a vehicle stable (greater stability in a straight line), while a negative camber allows high-performance vehicles to achieve better grip on the road when cornering.
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For a normal car, the negative camber can range from -0.5° to - 2° for a good balance of cornering grip. Some race cars can have a negative camber as much as -4°.
How much is too much?
Generally speaking, the inside of the tire should be 10-15° F hotter than the outside, depending on the track and the temperature measuring points. Excessive heating on the inner or outer side of the tire can be indicative of improper camber angle. If the inside is exceedingly hotter than the outside, there is too much negative camber which will lead to faster wear.
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** Lateral tire scrub is increased when you try to optimize camber angle in the suspension. For solar cars, minimizing scrub is arguably more important than optimizing camber for efficiency reasons.
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Caster Angle
Caster is the measure of how far forward or behind the steering axis is to the vertical axis, viewed from the side.
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Most road cars have positive caster. The angle value is usually between +3° and +5°. In sports and competition cars, the caster angle can assume much greater values (e.g. +12° and +13°).
A safe starting point for caster is 2° to 3° of positive caster.
**Caster angle affects the camber of the wheel during steering. Positive castor angle induces a positive camber angle on the inside tire and produced a negative camber on the outer tire.
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Toe Angle
The toe setting is typically used to help compensate for the suspension bushings compliance.
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Zero static toe maximizes performance and efficiency. With an inward or outward toe angle, both energy and performance would be lost due to friction and any toe angle could cause bump steer. Bump steer makes the car less efficient, so we want to minimize that.
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Scrub Radius
The scrub radius is the distance in front view between the king pin axis and the center of the contact patch of the wheel. Scrub radius affects the tire's tendency to change the dynamic toe angle during braking and acceleration.
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Therefore, some amount of scrub radius, positive or negative, is preferred. Remember to keep scrub radius small, around 0.25 – 0.75 inch.
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Kingpin Inclination
Due to a structural limitation, there’s no way to cram your control arms, steering knuckle, and brakes into your wheel, there’s just not enough space. So we have to rely on an inclined steering axis to achieve a vertical steering axis and zero scrub radius at the same time.
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